Theater and amphitheater as structural elements of parks, gardens, garden and park ensembles of the 17th-20th centuries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31548/forest2021.03.004Abstract
Theater as a place for spectacles is a form of social consciousness, a means of ideological and aesthetic education of the population. Theater reflects the peculiarities of the development of society and is related to its culture. The desire in different periods to harmoniously combine nature and culture, green theaters, and other green scenes has always reflected the tastes and fashions of a certain era. The history of the development of garden theaters in the European countries, including Ukraine, is considered. The types of theaters on the territory of historical gardens, parks, estates, palace and park complexes, and garden and park ensembles of Europe and North America of the XVII-XX centuries are studied. The history and evolution of the development of the main types of theater buildings are characterized and their differences are given. The preconditions for the emergence and popularization of open-air theaters have been clarified. The terms - garden, green, air, summer theaters - are analyzed and generalized. Based on the research, the classification and definition of a garden theater (amphitheater) are proposed. Garden theaters are types and varieties of theaters (forest, landscape, green, air, water, summer, stone, mechanical, palace) and amphitheaters (stone, lawn), located on the territory of gardens, parks, garden and park ensembles. They can be open-air (temporary), closed (permanent), combined (cooperation of temporary and permanent theaters). On the territory of gardens, parks, garden and park ensembles, several types or varieties of theaters or a theater and an amphitheater can be located, the amphitheater can be part of a theater. A comparative analysis of green, water theaters and other theaters is given. The characteristic features of the location of theaters in the planning structure of the studied objects, including elements of topiary art and an assortment of plants for green, water, air, and summer theaters, are revealed.
Keywords: water, green, garden, open-air, summer, air, theater.
References
Aftanazy, R. (1994). The history of the residence in the former borderlands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Volyn Province (Volume 5). Wroclaw: Wroclawska Drukarnia Naukova.
Air theater (2021). Available at http://kuskovo.ru/eto_interesno/arhitekturno-parkovyj_ansambl_kuskovo/vozdushnyj_teatr/ [in Russian].
Amphitheater in the Royal Łazienki. (2021). Available at https://www.lazienki-krolewskie.pl/pl/architektura/amfiteatr.
Andrzejowski, A. (1861). Old Detiuk's Ramoty about Volhynia (T. 1). Vilnius: Nakllad and printed by A.H. Kirkor [in Polish].
Bazhan, M. P. (Ed.). (1984). Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia (Vol. 11, P. 1). Kiev: Main version USE [in Ukrainian].
Boboli's Garden (n.d.). Available at https://www.gardenrouteitalia.it/gr_offers/giardino-di-boboli/.
Boboli's Garden. (2021). Available at http://landscape.totalarch.com/boboli [in Russian].
Boboli's Garden. (2021). Available at https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giardino_di_Boboli
Bohovaia, I. О., & Fursova, L. М. (1988). Landscape architecture. Moscow: VO "Agropromizdat" [in Russian].
Bykov, V. Ye. (1954). Architecture of open-air theaters. Moscow: State publishing house of literature on construction and architecture [in Russian].
Chinese Theater on the website of the Museum of the Tsarskoe Village. (2021) Available at https://web.archive.org/web/20100702140939/http://www.tzar.ru/museums/palaces/alexander_park/new_garden/theater [in Russian].
Claremont Landscape Garden. (2018). Available at https://alchetron.com/Claremont-Landscape-Garden [in English].
Deguen, N. (2013). Friends of the Theaters of Verdure. Boxwood and Topiaries, Charming Leaf Buis et Topiaires, 16, 47-50.
Deguen, N., & Thuillier, M.-C. (2015). Théâtres de verdure. French: Editions Gourcuff-Gradenigo.
Deguen, N., & Thuillir, M.-C. (2013). Verdure Theaters. Bimonthly, 16, 44-49.
Dzyba, А. А., & Shchebuniaieva, О. V. (2017). Value and functional zoning of the park-monument of landscape art "Kopylovskіy" (Kiev region). Forestry and gardening, 12, 24-43 [in Ukrainian].
Fagiolo, M., Giusti, M. A., & Cazzato, V. (1997). The mirror of Heaven. Garden and theater from the ancient to the twentieth century. Milan: Silvana editorial.
Forest Theater. (2021). Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Theater.
Garden theater. Encyclopedia. (2021). Available at https://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/haslo/teatr-ogrodowy;3985893.html.
Grant, K. (2007). Teatri di Verzura: Hedge Theatres in Baroque Lucca. Art, site and spectactle: studies in early modern visual culture. Series Melburn art journal, 9-10 (11), 162-175. Melbourne: Fine Arts Network. http://dx.doi.org/10.17613/M6FZ97
Humennyk, I. V. (2014). Evolution of the typology of open-type and "landscape" theatrical facilities in the conditions of urban environment from antiquity to the present days. Czasopismo "Srodowisko Mieszkaniowe / Housing Environment", 13, 54-59.
Humennyk, I. V. (2015). The latest trends in the architectural typology of theatrical structures of an open type. Architectural Bulletin of KNUBA, 5, 240-250 [in Ukrainian].
Humennyk, I. V. (2019). Development of architectural typology of landscape theaters in Ukraine (Doctoral dissertation). Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv Available at http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/handle/ntb/45462 [in Ukrainian].
Kireyeva, N. Yu. (2015). The development of musical and theatrical performances in Russia in the 18th - 20th centuries: communicative and axiological aspects. Arts education, 2 (5), 40-46 [in Russian].
Kucheriavyi, V. P. (2008). Landscaping of populated cities. Lviv: Svit [in Ukrainian].
Kurbatov, V. Ya. (2008). General history of landscape art. Gardens and parks of the world. Moscow: Eksmo [in Russian].
Levshyn, V. A. (1805-1808). Complete Gardening. Moscow: University Typography, Lovely, Gary and Popov [in Russian].
Loongwood Gardens Theater. (2021). Available at https://tclf.org/landscapes/longwood-gardens-theater.
Losieva, N. V. (Eds.). (1990). Design of theaters. Moskva: Stroiizdat [in Russian].
Majdecki, L. (2010). The history of gardens from antiquity to baroque (T. 1). Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers PWN.
Masson, G. (2011). Italian Gardens. Italy: Garden Art Press.
Mechanical Theatr. (2021). Available at https://www.hellbrunn.at/en/trick-fountains#c328.
Meck, G. N. (1973). As I remember them. London: Dobson.
National Center for Textual and Lexical Theater Resources. (2012). Available at https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/théâtre.
Peruz de Monclo, J. M. (2006). Versailles. Moscow: SLOVO [in Russian].
Pluzhnіkov, V. І. (1995). Terms of Russian Architectural Heritage: Dictionary-Glossary. Moscow: Iskusstvo [in Russian].
Proskuriakov, V. I., & Humeniuk, I. V. (2013). Coverage of the relevance of the formation and development of a modern architectural typology of "open-air theaters" and, in particular, "landscape theaters". Bulletin of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic", 757, 155-161 [in Ukrainian].
Proskuriakov, V. I., & Humeniuk, I. V. (2014). Preliminary proposal of the principles of architectural typology of open-air and "landscape" theaters. Bulletin of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic", 793, 94-101 [in Ukrainian].
Proskuriakov, V. I., & Humeniuk, I. V. (2018). Development of landscape theaters of Ukraine in the future. Bulletin of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic", 895, 32-37 [in Ukrainian].
Proskuriakov, V. I., & Sinkevych, O. V. (2013). Ideological and aesthetic features of theatrical architecture in the Volyn ethnocultural region of Ukraine. Bulletin of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic", 757, 162-167 [in Ukrainian].
Rychkov, P. A. (2019). Architect Yang Yakub Burgignon: creative heritage. Rivne: U Farveteri Istyn [in Ukrainian].
SBS N.2.2.-16: 2019 Cultural, spectacular and leisure facilities (2019). News bulletin 7. Available at https://dbn.co.ua/load/normativy/dbn/1-1-0-9 [in Ukrainian].
Schloss Schonbrun. Theater. (2021). Available at https://www.schoenbrunn.at/veranstaltungen/theater.
Semenova-Prozorovskaia, E. A. (1998). The historical characteristic of the formation of Neskuchny Garden. Forest Bulletin, 4, 51-61 [in Russian].
Shirchkov, Е. V. (2018). Urban amphitheater in the public space of modern Russian cities. Privolzhsky journal, 1, 131-139 [in Russian].
State Museum-reserve Pavlovsk. The park. (2021). Available at http://www.pavlovskmuseum.ru/about/park/ [in Russian].
Terms and concepts used in landscape architecture. (2021). Available at https://olymp.in/news/terminy-i-ponyatiya-ispolzuemye-v-landshaftnoj-arxitekture/699 [in Russian].
The Stone Theater Hellbrunn. Available at https://www.hellbrunn.at/en/park#c424.
The theaters of greenery. A plant 'transcription' of the architecture of modern theater (2021). Available at https://www.gardenrouteitalia.it/arte/i-teatri-di-verzura/.
Theater design. Reference manual for building regulations 2.08.02-89. (1990). Moscow: Stroyizdat [in Russian].
Theater of greenery. (2021). Available at https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatro_di_verzura.
Tymofiienko, V. I. (2002). Architecture and Monumental art: terms and concepts of contemporary art. Kyiv: Publishing House of Modern Art Research Institute [in Ukrainian].
Verhunov, A. P., & Horokhov, V. A. (1987). Russian gardens and parks. Moscow: Nauka [in Russian].
Verhunov, A. P., & Horokhov, V. A. (2007). Gardening art of Russia from the origins to the beginning of the twentieth century. Moscow: Belyiy gorod [in Russian].
Villa di Geggiano. (2021). Available at http://www.travelingintuscany.com/gardens/geggiano.htm.
Villa Garzoni. (2021). Available at https://www.gardenrouteitalia.it/gr_offers/storico-giardino-garzoni/.
Villa Reale di Marlia. (2021). Available at https://www.gardenrouteitalia.it/gr_offers/villa-reale-di-marlia/.
Waugh, F. A. (1917). Outdoor Theaters: The Design, Construction and Use of Open-air Auditoriums. Boston, USA: The Gorham Press.
Yakovlieva-Nosar, S. O. (2009). Landscape architecture: A dictionary-reference for independent work. Zaporizhzhia: ZNU [in Ukrainian].
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Relationship between right holders and users shall be governed by the terms of the license Creative Commons Attribution – non-commercial – Distribution On Same Conditions 4.0 international (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0):https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.uk
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
